Does JavaScript / NodeJS automatically throw Errors?

I wonder if (for synchronous JavaScript/NodeJS) it does make sense to surround the whole code with try { .. } catch (e) { .. }, even if I myself do not throw any Error in my JavaScript/NodeJS code.

Does JavaScript/NodeJS automatically throw some Exceptions in error cases just like for example Java does?

Yes, it does.

Try as code:

eval("bla bla bla");
undefined.nomore;

See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error for more info.